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Secretin is a hormone that (a) stimulates the release of pancreatic juice herbals india chennai geriforte syrup 100 caps otc, (b) converts trypsinogen into trypsin, (c) activates chymotrypsin, (d) inhibits the action of pancreatic lipase. A dysfunction of the parietal cells of gastric glands would result in a decreased production of which two of the following The part of the stomach that meets the esophagus at the gastroesophageal sphincter is (a) the fundus, (b) the cardia, (c) the pylorus, (d) the body, (e) the lesser curvature. The small intestine is held to the posterior abdominal wall by (a) the mesentery, (b) the falciform ligament, (c) the greater omentum, (d) the lesser omentum, (e) the visceral peritoneum. The salivary gland located in front and slightly below the auricle of the ear is (a) the buccal gland, (b) the parotid gland, (c) the submandibular gland, (d) the sublingual gland. The uvula is (a) a structure that guards the larynx, (b) a structure that extends into the lumen of the small intestine, (c) a fleshy extension of the soft palate, (d) a tonsil within the oral cavity, (e) a flap of the ileocecal valve. The principal function of the digestive system is to prepare food for cellular utilization. Intrinsic factor is necessary for the normal absorption of amino acids from the small intestine. Deglutition is the process by which bile causes the breakdown of fat globules into smaller droplets. Intestinal rugae are folds of the mucosa within the small intestine that greatly increase the surface area for absorption. Cirrhosis is a chronic disease of the liver in which fibrous tissue replaces functional hepatic cells. The is the serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity and covers visceral organs. Capillaries within the of the small intestine are sites where nutrients and fluids are absorbed into the circulatory system. A contains a lacteal for the absorption of fats and lymph into the lymphatic system. Hepatic plates within a liver lobule are separated from each other by spaces called hepatic, which permit passage of blood. Although it does not secrete enzymes, it stores fats, cushions visceral organs, supports lymph nodes, and protects against the spread of infection. Intrinsic factor is required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, needed for red blood cell production. False; the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system increases peristaltic activity. False; jaundice is a symptom of one of several abnormal conditions in which there is an excess of bilirubin in the body fluids or tissues. False; composed of lymphoid tissue, the spleen is considered an organ of the lymphatic system. False; deglutition is the mechanism of swallowing; emulsification is the breakdown of fat globules into small droplets. False; elevation of the uvula prevents food or fluid from entering the nasopharynx. Chemical substances in food that enter into metabolism are referred to as nutrients. They are classified as carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. All body processes, whether providing or requiring energy, are classified as metabolic processes. All metabolic reactions within the body, whether anabolic or catabolic, are catalyzed by enzymes. The number of enzymes the body employs in these processes is so great that it currently cannot even be estimated. Nevertheless, the lack of or dysfunction of even one of these enzymes can sometimes make it impossible for the body to maintain homeostasis. The average human diet consists largely of polysaccharide and disaccharide carbohydrates. Through several biochemical reactions, the liver further converts fructose and galactose into glucose.

The attacks are provoked by constriction of the airways and inflammation of the bronchial mucosa herbals weight loss discount geriforte syrup 100caps line. Viral and bacterial infections, air pollution, and allergies may be causative or contributing factors. Bronchitis, chronic Excessive mucus production in the bronchial tubes that leads to productive cough, shortness of breath, and lung damage. Cleft lip A genetic developmental disorder in which the two sides of the upper lip fail to fuse; also referred to as harelip. Cleft palate A developmental deformity of the hard palate, resulting in a persistent opening between the oral and nasal cavities. Emphysema A breakdown of the alveolar walls that decreases the alveolar surface area and increases the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles. It is a frequent cause of death among heavy cigarette smokers and may also result from severe air pollution. Hiccup A spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm causing a rapid, involuntary inhalation that is stopped by the sudden closure of the glottis and accompanied by a distinctive sound; also spelled hiccough. Pneumonia Acute infection and inflammation of the lungs, with exudation of fluids into, and consolidation (collapse) of, lung tissue. Sinusitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane of one or another of the paranasal sinuses-usually secondary to a nasal infection. Tuberculosis An inflammatory disease of the lungs, caused by the tubercle bacillus, in which the tissue caseates (becomes cheesy) and ulcerates. The disease is usually contracted by inhaling air sneezed or coughed by someone with an active case. The roof of the nasal cavity is formed primarily by (a) the hard palate, (b) the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, (c) the superior concha, (d) the vomer, (e) the sphenoid bone. The cartilages upon which the vocal cords are attached are (a) the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages, (b) the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, (c) the cuneiform and cricoid cartilages, (d) the thyroid and corniculate cartilages. Pulmonary vessels, nerves, and a bronchus enter or leave the lung at (a) the cardiac notch, (b) the apex, (c) the capsule, (d) the hilum, (e) the base. Neither the trachea nor the bronchi contain (a) hyaline cartilage, (b) ciliated columnar epithelium, (c) goblet cells, (d) simple squamous epithelium. Pharyngeal tonsils are located in (a) the nasopharynx, (b) the oral cavity, (c) the nasal cavity, (d) the oropharynx, (e) the lingualopharynx. The serous membrane in contact with the lung is (a) the parietal pleura, (b) the pulmonary mesentery, (c) the pulmonary peritoneum, (d) the visceral pleura. Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in (a) lung tissue, (b) the pons and medulla oblongata, (c) aortic and carotid bodies, (d) the myocardium. The amount of air that is moved in and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing is called (a) the vital capacity, (b) the tidal volume, (c) the residual volume, (d) the vital volume, (e) the inspiratory volume. The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration is called (a) the forced expiratory volume, (b) the maximum expiratory flow, (c) the tidal volume, (d) the vital capacity. The basic inspiratory and expiratory centers are located in (a) the lungs, (b) the medulla oblongata, (c) the carotid and aortic bodies, (d) the pons. The cells formed in the alveolar wall that remove foreign particles from the pulmonary alveoli are called (a) Kupffer cells, (b) pulmonary reticulocytes, (c) surfactant cells, (d) alveolar macrophage cells. In normally functioning lungs, the intrathoracic pressure is always greater than the intrapulmonic pressure. Expiration is usually passive and occurs with the cessation of inspiratory contractions. Active transport mechanisms effect exchange of gases between the respiratory and circulatory systems. In the respiratory system, simple squamous epithelium is restricted to the pulmonary alveoli. An elevation in pH causes peripheral chemoreceptors to increase the rate and depth of breathing.

Each lung is composed of lobes herbals unlimited 100 caps geriforte syrup fast delivery, and these, in turn, of lobules that contain the alveoli. It is subdivided into two lobes by a single fissure and contains eight bronchial segments. The right lung lacks a notch, is subdivided into three lobes by two fissures, and contains 10 bronchial segments. The inferior base of the lung has a diaphragmatic surface in contact with the diaphragm. The top of the lung is the apex, and the broad, rounded surface in contact with membranes covering the ribs is the costal surface. Objective J Su To describe the pleurae and to explain their respiratory significance. They are composed of simattached to the surface of the lungs; the outer layer, or parietal pleura (fig. Pleurae serve to lubricate the lungs, and they assist in creating respiratory pressure. Air pressure in each pleural cavity (the intrathoracic pressure) is slightly below atmospheric pressure (2. Pleurisy, or inflammation of the pleurae, may be secondary to some other respiratory disease or due to an autoimmune reaction associated with viral infections or autoimmune diseases. Anti-inflammatories, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and corticosteroids, are used in treating pleurisy. Under normal conditions the visceral and parietal pleurae are pressed tightly against one another due to the relative negative pressure in the space. This negative pressure is critical for the thoracic cavity to "pull out" on the lungs, causing them to inflate. Air in the pleural space (from a hole in the chest wall or a hole in the visceral pleura) disturbs this vital homeostasis so that the lung collapses despite active expansion of the chest wall. Air enters the lungs when intrapulmonic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg at sea level). Expiration follows passively as thoracic volume decreases and intrapulmonic pressure rises above atmospheric, with recoil of the rib cage and contraction of the lungs. During deep inspiration or forced breathing, the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles (see fig. During forced expiration, the internal intercostal muscles are contracted, depressing the rib cage. These are the rvey tidal volume, the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during normal breathing; inspiratory reserve, the maximum volume beyond the tidal volume that can be inspired in one deep breath; expiratory reserve, the maximum volume beyond the tidal volume that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal expiration; and residual volume, the air that remains in the lungs following a forceful expiration. Clinically speaking, it is important to know the amount of air that is breathed in at a given time and to be aware of difficulty in breathing. The amount of air exchanged during pulmonary ventilation varies from person to person according to age, sex, activity, and general health. Minute respiratory volume is the volume of air moved in normal ventilation in 1 minute. Of the oxygen transported in the blood, only a small amount is dissolved in the blood plasma. Objective M Su rvey Up to 99% is carried on hemoglobin molecules in the erythrocytes (see problem 14. Carbon dioxide carried in the blood is mostly converted to bicarbonate ions in the erythrocytes and released into the blood plasma; unconverted carbon dioxide is also carried dissolved in the blood plasma and on hemoglobin molecules and certain plasma proteins. Hemoglobin is converted from bluish red deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) to scarlet oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) according to the reaction Hb 18. In a mixture of gases, each component gas exerts a partial pressure that is proportional to its concentration in the mixture. For example, because air is 21% O2, this gas is responsible for 21% of the atmospheric pressure. Because 21% of 760 mmHg is equal to 160 mmHg, the partial pressure of O2, symbolized by pO2, in atmospheric air is 160 mmHg. The difference between the pO2 in the alveolus and in the pulmonary capillary (pO2 40) is about 60 mmHg and therefore favors diffusion of oxygen from the alveolus into the blood. A similar calculation of the difference between the pO2 in the pulmonary capillary (pO2 45) and in the alveolus demonstrates a gradient of 5 mmHg, favoring diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveolar air (fig.

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